Depends on the application, but Delrin (Polyacetal) is a pretty safe choice. It machines well, with very little tearing/hairs, and is pretty hard as plastics go. If you need a tight thread with low friction, use Teflon (PTFE), but it's quite soft, deforms easily, and can be tricky to get a decent surface finish on. Avoid Nylon, Polypropylene and PVC. Peek is nice, machines nice but is expensive.
Martin
It's a huge subject and I have no doubt that the other main use is is in the automobile industry. There are literally thousands of fasteners holding all sorts of bits.
I hate all this throwing away of potentially usable trash( rubbish) and get annoyed to see how much that I have spent indirectly and had to dump.
So one answer to your question is to try to identify the recycling symbol on all sorts of things so that they might be reused for all sorts of things-including nuts and bolts.
I've just shredded a million Christmas cards and found a plastic tray from some quick food joint and wondered if a use could be found.
If you think of it, many gears are made from cloth or paper bonded with a phenolic resin.