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Well let me see if I can clarify that issue. The calculations are all the same based on the material specifications available. We then put a safety factor on those calculations based on the material and construction methods used. To account for the degree of unknowns we make a judgement call...

A blue flame is a result of complete combustion and it yields the highest temperature. If you do not allow flame impingement on the heat transfer surface there will normally be no problem provide the fuel does not contain sulfur or nitrogen compounds which form acids. You will make more NOX...

You might be interested to know that Hartford Insurance refused to let me use solid state design in a critical safety control panel. All relays all 120 volts all hard wired. Some DC was allowed because a battery room was available. Old school design but effective. The whole purpose was to...

It makes no difference on copper or any material. The design equations incorporate the values for whatever material you are using. The material will either meet the strength requirements at temperature and pressure or it will not.

yes, all kinds of devices. When the motor stalls its the same as a dead short similar to locked rotor current. Look for a circuit breaker or a fuse block. Hunt down someone who can size it for you. Another type of circuit would be a crowbar circuit but that should be built into the power supply.

I used to go with my father when he worked on engines in the field. He had a portable lapping and grinding tool which he often used. But most importantly before starting he would meticulously mike the cylinder bore. He said if a taper is there when you start it will be there when you finish...

Every vibration problem has an excitation force. With IC engines it is the firing of the cylinders that create the pulse. How close they are and where they are located determines the magnitude of the forces. Timing is is set by the design of the crank and once the crank is designed its...

Yes, it is possible but the vibration impulses would be very difficult to manage. Not sure how you compensate for that . The vibration dictates the firing order, whether its in line, opposed and even the shape of the V. Might get away with it at low rpms. But you probably will need a lot of...

Depends on how you cool the water. I would be tempted to modify a air conditioner for that service and use a glycol with a rust inhibitor. Basically a closed loop system. And if you are worried about solids put a filter in the line before the spindle.

Flywheels are used to store inertial energy to help balance engine vibration and force the crank past a dead center point. It smooths out the engine pulses. The amount of mass is calculated and will vary based on total mass of crank and other factors. For reliability purposes less gears the...

I would be tempted to reverse the angle iron to open up the air flow area and get rid of the dead spots where ash can accumulate. And if possible would make that grate so it can be moved a bit to shake clinkers lose so they go to the ash pan. This would allow more air to be evenly distributed...

There is a part of this story that is missing. It deals with the economics of standards and who sets them. The standards are often based on geometric mathematics as unit are specified in sizes that are reasonable for mass production. Who ever has the most adopted standard as a country has an...

And this can be proved mathematically using thermodynamics that the efficiency is directly proportional to the compression ratio. The first Ford V8 were called flatheads and you could plain the head down to increase the compression ratio. But they were finally beat out on the race track with the...

k2: Without doing research to see if these specs have been updated I will share with you what I have. To be considered a miniature boiler the following criteria are used. Does not exceed 16 inches in shell diameter Less then 20 sq feet of heating surface Less then 5 cubic feet of volume 100...

The states have jurisdictional authority of all codes. And it is in this respect one must be careful because what some do is reference the ASME code and put additional requirements in another section. These requirements can include special testing requirements, permits, fire protection and a...

This may not have acceptable materials for what you want to do. You could use ASME pipe and weld high quality steel and use one of these for a condensate recovery vessel. I would put the vessel up right and design a header to feed the wall tubes. You can use a pipe cap to make a steam dome...

Depends on which side of the curve you ride. You are operating so close to the critical point it is doubtful you can keep the state parameters and most likely you could have a 10 % change in temperature without batting an eye. Not to mention the ability to control the operating pressure. But...

The ph diagram in english units shows critical temperature at 532 abs lbs/ f in2 and temperature of 382 F. Given the high heat flux doubt you can keep it from flashing.

All that taken into consideration, fluids transferring heat just consider the maximum temperature R123 can stand. Nucleate boiling will not occur and flashing will occur and the tube wall will be uncovered. However this fluid is usually reserved for low temperature recovery. But prove me...

Except water will remain a liquid and the R123 will be a gas. But a more common example is the heat transfer difference between water and oil. Additional the velocity depends on the tube diameter not the mass flow rate. On average water will keep the tube temperature at about 70 degrees above...